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Explanation
What Is a VLAN? — Splitting One Switch Logically at Layer 2
A VLAN (Virtual LAN) logically divides one physical switch / one physical network into several independent broadcast dom...
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Explanation
What Is NAT? — Translating Private IPs to a Public IP, and Port Forwarding
NAT (Network Address Translation) rewrites IP addresses as packets cross a border router. The reason many home and offic...
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Explanation
SPF Explained — Stopping Email Spoofing by Sender IP
SPF (Sender Policy Framework) lets a domain owner declare, in a DNS TXT record, which server IPs are allowed to send mai...
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Explanation
What Is DHCP? — The DORA Flow That Hands Out IP Addresses Automatically
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) automatically assigns an IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, DNS server...
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Explanation
What Is ARP? — Resolving a MAC Address from an IP Address
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is the foundational IPv4 protocol that asks, on a local network, 'what is the MAC addr...
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ExplanationWiFiPumpkin3 Explained — A Rogue AP (Evil Twin) Attack Framework
WiFiPumpkin3 is a Python 3 rogue access point / Wi-Fi MITM framework developed by the P0cL4bs team (mh4x0f). The success...
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ExplanationRustScan Explained — A Blazing-Fast Port Scanner in Rust with nmap Hand-off
RustScan is a blazing-fast port scanner written in Rust by Autumn "bee-san" Skerritt and the RustScan team. It scans all...
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ExplanationThe Michael Shutdown Attack — A Wi-Fi DoS That Weaponizes TKIP's Own Defense
The Michael shutdown attack (the TKIP MIC countermeasure attack) is a DoS that weaponizes the very defense — the '60-sec...
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ExplanationLinPEAS Explained — A Script That Auto-Enumerates Linux Privilege-Escalation Vectors
LinPEAS (Linux Privilege Escalation Awesome Script) is a shell script from Carlos Polop's PEASS-ng project that automati...
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ExplanationEyeWitness Explained — Automating Mass Web-Host Screenshots for Recon Triage
EyeWitness is a recon / triage tool by Christopher Truncer (FortyNorth Security). When nmap or rustscan returns hundreds...
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ExplanationEvil Twin Attack Explained — How a Rogue AP Impersonates a Network with the Same SSID, and How to Defend
An Evil Twin attack stands up a rogue access point that impersonates a legitimate AP by broadcasting the same SSID — usu...
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Explanationaireplay-ng Explained — The Packet-Injection Tool of the aircrack-ng Suite
aireplay-ng is the packet-injection tool at the core of the aircrack-ng suite. It has two jobs: generating/replaying tra...
