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ExplanationDeauthentication Attack — How Wi-Fi Disconnect Attacks Work and How PMF Stops Them
A Deauthentication Attack spoofs the IEEE 802.11 Deauthentication management frame (Subtype 0x0C) to...
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ExplanationGhidra — How NSA's Open-Source Reverse Engineering Suite Works
Ghidra is the reverse-engineering suite the NSA used internally and then released as OSS under Apach...
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ExplanationFirewalls Explained — Five Generations, Stateful, NGFW / WAF / Cloud SGs
A firewall is an access-control device that drops any traffic that doesn't match a defined rule. Sta...
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ExplanationASM Explained — Attack Surface Management / EASM, CAASM, DRPS
ASM (Attack Surface Management) is the security discipline of discovering every entry point an attac...
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ExplanationRansomware — How It Works, Notable Incidents, and How to Defend
Ransomware is malware that 'encrypts files and demands a ransom for the decryption key'. Its ancesto...
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ExplanationTrojan Horse Explained — Types, Delivery Vectors, and Defenses
A Trojan horse is malware that disguises itself as legitimate software so the user installs it thems...
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ExplanationDDoS Explained — Mechanics, Categories, and Defenses
DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) is the attack of burying a target under legitimate-looking requ...
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ExplanationBuffer Overflow Explained — Stack Mechanics, Exploits, and Mitigations
Buffer overflow — writing past the end of an allocated buffer and corrupting adjacent memory — is th...
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ExplanationKali Linux — The Pentest Distribution: Its Tools and How to Use Them
Kali Linux is the Debian-based 'attacker-optimised' Linux distribution maintained by Offensive Secur...
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ExplanationLinux Explained — Architecture, Commands, and Major Distributions
Strictly speaking, 'Linux' refers only to the kernel; what we use day-to-day is a stack of Linus's k...
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ExplanationWi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) Explained — Standards, Bands, and WPA
Wi-Fi shares Ethernet's frame format but rides on radio waves — a shared medium, half-duplex, collis...
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ExplanationEthernet Explained — Frame Format, MAC Addresses, and Switching
Ethernet is the L2 protocol that has survived nearly 50 years as the only practical choice for wired...
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ExplanationIPsec Explained — Tunnel/Transport Modes and the IKE Key Exchange
IPsec is a family of protocols that encrypts and authenticates IP packets themselves at L3 — rather...
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ExplanationTCP/IP Explained — The 4-Layer Model and TCP vs UDP
TCP/IP names both 'the protocol suite that runs the Internet' and 'the four-layer reference model th...
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ExplanationVPN Explained — IPsec, OpenVPN, and WireGuard Compared
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) is the umbrella term for virtually stretching an 'encrypted private...
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ExplanationThe OSI Reference Model — Seven Layers and How They Map to TCP/IP
The ISO Basic Reference Model (Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model) is the 1984 internation...
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ExplanationOSINT — Methods, Tools, and Real-World Examples of Open-Source Investigation
OSINT (Open Source Intelligence) is the umbrella term for the techniques and culture of investigatin...
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ExplanationSSL/TLS Explained — How HTTPS Encrypts the Web and How Certificates Work
SSL/TLS is the protocol that gives Internet traffic confidentiality, authentication, and tamper-dete...
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ExplanationIP Addresses Explained — IPv4 / IPv6 / Subnets / Routing
IP (Internet Protocol) handles addressing and packet forwarding at the heart of the TCP/IP stack. Th...
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ExplanationDNS Explained — How Name Resolution Works and the Record Types
DNS is the distributed database that converts memorable domain names into the IP addresses computers...
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ExplanationMetasploit Framework — How to Use It for Penetration Testing
Metasploit Framework is the open-source offensive-testing framework launched by HD Moore in 2003 and...
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ExplanationICMP Explained — How ping and traceroute Work and What the Message Types Mean
ICMP is the control protocol that signals errors and path conditions on IP networks. This article co...
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ExplanationSSH — How It Works, Public-Key Authentication, and Essential Commands
SSH is the protocol for operating another computer safely over the network. It replaced cleartext pr...
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machineLevi
Linux EasyEasy Linux box. UDP scan reveals SNMP, snmpwalk leaks the running PostgreSQL service, COPY FROM PROG...
