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ExplanationDeauthentication Attack — How Wi-Fi Disconnect Attacks Work and How PMF Stops Them
A Deauthentication Attack spoofs the IEEE 802.11 Deauthentication management frame (Subtype 0x0C) to force open Wi-Fi se...
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ExplanationGhidra — How NSA's Open-Source Reverse Engineering Suite Works
Ghidra is the reverse-engineering suite the NSA used internally and then released as OSS under Apache License 2.0 at RSA...
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ExplanationFirewalls Explained — Five Generations, Stateful, NGFW / WAF / Cloud SGs
A firewall is an access-control device that drops any traffic that doesn't match a defined rule. Starting with DEC SEAL...
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ExplanationASM Explained — Attack Surface Management / EASM, CAASM, DRPS
ASM (Attack Surface Management) is the security discipline of discovering every entry point an attacker can see into you...
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ExplanationRansomware — How It Works, Notable Incidents, and How to Defend
Ransomware is malware that 'encrypts files and demands a ransom for the decryption key'. Its ancestor is the 1989 AIDS T...
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ExplanationTrojan Horse Explained — Types, Delivery Vectors, and Defenses
A Trojan horse is malware that disguises itself as legitimate software so the user installs it themselves. Unlike viruse...
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ExplanationDDoS Explained — Mechanics, Categories, and Defenses
DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) is the attack of burying a target under legitimate-looking requests, and because it...
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ExplanationBuffer Overflow Explained — Stack Mechanics, Exploits, and Mitigations
Buffer overflow — writing past the end of an allocated buffer and corrupting adjacent memory — is the classic C/C++ vuln...
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ExplanationKali Linux — The Pentest Distribution: Its Tools and How to Use Them
Kali Linux is the Debian-based 'attacker-optimised' Linux distribution maintained by Offensive Security (now OffSec), sh...
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ExplanationLinux Explained — Architecture, Commands, and Major Distributions
Strictly speaking, 'Linux' refers only to the kernel; what we use day-to-day is a stack of Linus's kernel + the GNU user...
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ExplanationWi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) Explained — Standards, Bands, and WPA
Wi-Fi shares Ethernet's frame format but rides on radio waves — a shared medium, half-duplex, collisions you can't detec...
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ExplanationEthernet Explained — Frame Format, MAC Addresses, and Switching
Ethernet is the L2 protocol that has survived nearly 50 years as the only practical choice for wired LAN. Starting from...
