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Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) Explained: Standards, Bands, and WPA

Wi-Fi shares the same MAC + EtherType + Payload frame format as Ethernet, but on the wireless side it faces a fundamenta...

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IPsec Explained: Tunnel/Transport Modes and IKE

IPsec is a family of protocols that encrypts and authenticates IP packets themselves at L3, so — unlike TLS, which apps...

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VPN Explained: IPsec, OpenVPN, and WireGuard Compared

A VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a technology that builds a virtual, encrypted private circuit on top of a public netw...

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SSH Explained: Mechanism, Public-Key Auth, and Commands

SSH is the protocol for safely reaching another computer over a network. It replaced cleartext protocols like Telnet by...